Designing an alternative keyboard layout
Written: 2024-01-13
During the summer of 2017, I designed the following alternative keyboard layout to enhance my typing experience:
While working as a software engineer during my first internship, it dawned on me that I would doing a lot of typing for the rest of my life. I had heard of alternative keyboard layouts and it seemed like a good opportunity I never learned how to touch-type and had heard of alternative keyboard layouts, so this seemed like a good opportunity to feed two birds with one scone.
Background
The arrangement of letters on a typical US keyboard is called QWERTY. When touch-typing, some words are harder to type than others. This can be observed in typing tests for the 50 slowest and fastest words.
Alternative keyboard layouts optimize the positions of the letters on a keyboard by considering which words are typed most frequently. The two most popular alternative layouts are Dvorak and Colemak, but the creators did not have the same amount of computing power as we do today.
Since I designed my layout in 2017, a sizeable community has formed around AKLs and have developed several layout analyzers and generators. I'll add some links at the end.
Language statistics
Words can be broken up into individual letters, bigrams, and trigrams. The 26 most common according to research by Peter Norvig are:
| letter | bigram | trigram |
|---|---|---|
| e | th | the |
| t | he | and |
| a | in | ing |
| o | er | ion |
| i | an | tio |
| n | re | ent |
| s | on | ati |
| r | at | for |
| h | en | her |
| l | nd | ter |
| d | ti | hat |
| c | es | tha |
| u | or | ere |
| m | te | ate |
| f | of | his |
| p | ed | con |
| g | is | res |
| w | it | ver |
| y | al | all |
| b | ar | ons |
| v | st | nce |
| k | to | men |
| x | nt | ith |
| j | ng | ted |
| q | se | ers |
| z | ha | pro |
Glossary
Several terms and metrics exist to compare keyboard layouts.
Heatmap
Color-coded map to show where the most frequently typed letters are placed. The most frequent letters are best placed along the homerow and parts of the top row.
heatmap for my layout
heatmap for QWERTY
Finger frequency
The distribution across fingers. Index and middle should be prioritized, followed by ring then pinky.
Hand balance
The distribution across hands. Ideally 50-50.
Same-finger bigram
Pressing two keys in succession with the same finger (e.g. ED on qwerty). These are uncomfortable to type and should be minimized.
Aside from minimizing the SFB%, layouts should also reduce SFB distance. Ideally we want the 2 letters that form a SFB to be on adjacent keys (1U SFB) and we should avoid SFBs that involve having to jump over the home row (2U SFB) like Qwerty CE.
Trigrams
Trigrams can be categorized in the following ways:
Alternate
Pressing one key with one hand, then one with the other, then back to the first. e.g. ala on QWERTY.
Roll
pressing two (not same finger) keys with one hand, and a third key with the other. In other words, a 2 key roll following or preceding a hand change.
Rolls are inward or outward depending on the direction the keys typed with the same hand follow. e.g. DF on QWERTY is inward, FD is outward.
Some people prefer inward rolls over outward rolls. The in-roll ratio stat tells us how much a layout favors the former over the latter.
Onehand
Three keypresses with one hand in the same direction, e.g. SDF on QWERTY
Redirect
A onehand but the direction changes. e.g. DFS on QWERTY.
Heuristics
- Consider programming and vim keybindings in corpus
- Fixed zxcv. Handy to have most common shortcuts common when switching to QWERTY
- High hand alternation
- high inward rolls
Statistics
BOLD 228.752 total effort 108.234 positional effort left right
1.409 same finger rp 15.611 shift same finger top 12.9 10.6
bldfw/,oyk 70.374 hand alternat. 27.617 shift hand alter. mid 30.3 33.9
rnstmuaeih 3.648 inward/outward 25.638 inward or outward bot 7.2 5.2
zxcvg;.qjp 11.186 adjacent 12.905 shift adjacent sum 50.4 49.6
5.504 no hand altern. 43.392 two hand altern.
2.889 seesaw 6.209 indir same finger
8.5 10.9 13.3 17.7 --.- --.- 12.8 18.8 8.8 9.2 Sh 1.1 1.7
same fing/fi. 0.14 0.07 0.31 0.25 0.33 0.13 0.05 0.12 Sh 2.3913.22
" " jump >= 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sh 0.23 0.02
adjacent/fin.pair 0.52 2.80 2.28 2.48 1.88 1.24 Sh 7.40 5.51
" " row jump >=2 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.02 Sh 1.68 0.64
QWERTY 443.611 total effort 184.951 positional effort left right
6.800 same finger rp 5.990 shift same finger top 28.0 20.2
qwertyuiop 52.758 hand alternat. 41.713 shift hand alter. mid 22.1 9.6
asdfghjkl; 1.073 inward/outward 37.864 inward or outward bot 6.8 13.3
zxcvbnm,./ 21.605 adjacent 11.942 shift adjacent sum 56.9 43.1
25.289 no hand altern. 27.150 two hand altern.
13.192 seesaw 5.655 indir same finger
9.1 8.4 18.5 20.9 --.- --.- 18.4 8.9 12.1 3.7 Sh 1.1 1.7
same fing/fi. 0.04 0.07 2.96 1.59 1.16 0.22 0.75 0.01 Sh 5.60 0.39
" " jump >= 2 0.00 0.00 1.03 0.21 0.87 0.01 0.02 0.00 Sh 0.00 0.38
adjacent/fin.pair 1.82 3.19 8.74 4.79 2.22 0.84 Sh 0.6411.30
" " row jump >=2 0.00 0.22 2.21 3.48 0.03 0.03 Sh 0.06 7.98
COLEMAK 241.001 total effort 104.325 positional effort left right
1.358 same finger rp 13.653 shift same finger top 7.8 8.3
qwfpgjluy; 58.113 hand alternat. 40.206 shift hand alter. mid 32.7 37.3
arstdhneio 1.034 inward/outward 37.951 inward or outward bot 6.8 7.3
zxcvbkm,./ 17.487 adjacent 8.548 shift adjacent sum 47.2 52.8
16.768 no hand altern. 30.773 two hand altern.
10.561 seesaw 5.575 indir same finger
9.1 7.8 11.6 18.7 --.- --.- 18.8 15.4 9.8 8.8 Sh 1.1 1.7
same fing/fi. 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.18 0.39 0.37 0.16 0.01 Sh 5.06 8.59
" " jump >= 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.11 0.00 Sh 0.05 0.01
adjacent/fin.pair 2.30 1.03 2.47 9.34 1.35 0.99 Sh 3.09 5.46
" " row jump >=2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.16 0.00 Sh 0.07 0.51
DVORAK 260.778 total effort 125.364 positional effort left right
2.679 same finger rp 12.404 shift same finger top 6.0 16.8
/,.pyfgcrl 70.460 hand alternat. 34.504 shift hand alter. mid 36.1 30.4
aoeuidhtns 1.598 inward/outward 24.282 inward or outward bot 3.0 7.6
;qjkxbmwvz 11.122 adjacent 19.795 shift adjacent sum 45.1 54.9
5.501 no hand altern. 44.775 two hand altern.
2.971 seesaw 5.847 indir same finger
9.7 8.3 13.0 14.1 --.- --.- 16.5 13.3 13.7 11.4 Sh 1.8 0.9
same fing/fi. 0.02 0.03 0.22 0.97 0.43 0.48 0.31 0.23 Sh 9.46 2.95
" " jump >= 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 Sh 0.01 1.68
adjacent/fin.pair 0.10 0.44 2.45 4.50 2.51 1.12 Sh11.93 7.87
" " row jump >=2 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 Sh 0.16 2.12